Impact of Iran-Israel War on Indian Exports to Iran

India’s exports to Iran are now facing serious uncertainty because of the escalating conflict between Iran and the US-Israel Joint Force.

Iran has been an important market for Indian goods. In 2024, India exported products worth about 1.25 billion dollars to Iran. Indian exports include basmati rice, tea, sugar, pharmaceuticals, and electrical machinery.

But this war has disrupted these trade flows. Hundreds of thousands of tonnes of Indian basmati rice are currently stuck at ports or in transit, as shipping routes and insurance coverage have been disrupted.

Possibility of De-dollarization and its impact on the World

There has been a lot of hue and cry about De-dollarization post reckless tariffs imposed by the Trump Administration, but de-dollarization is still in the realm of rhetoric, and not in reality. The demand for US bonds is increasing, especially in the wake of the rise in geopolitical tensions and uncertainty.

Dollar's Enduring Dominance

The US dollar is the most dominant reserve currency in the world. It constitutes 58% of the total reserves. Presently, nearly 90% of the total Forex transactions are denominated in the US dollar. This is a position that has remained unchanged since the Bretton Woods agreement. Statistics indicate that the total amount of US bonds held by foreign countries has hit a record high of nearly $9.4 trillion by the end of 2025. Japan remains the largest creditor at $1.2 trillion end-2025, unchanged from 2020 levels, with many countries like the UK have increased their dollar holdings. De-dollarization efforts by the BRICS countries, fuelled by China and buzz-town in India, like the RBI's efforts to link digital currencies seems more like a media creation, and the efforts are yet to come to fruition. However, on the other hand, the policies adopted by President Trump are increasing the chances of diversification, fuelling the speculation about de-dollarization.

Iran is Strategically Less Important than UAE and Suadi Arabia for India

Every country in the world strives to maintain good relations with almost all countries, just as we strive to maintain good relations with our neighbors and relatives. However, when it comes to protecting interests and choosing partners among many, a country strives to maintain good relations with the country with which it has the greatest interest. A country that provides the lowest value is not significant and receives the last preference. India has relations with almost all the Middle East countries based on people migration and mutual trade.

Let's first talk about people. According to the Overseas Indians data of the Ministry of External Affairs of India, a large number of Indian citizens live and work in the Gulf and surrounding countries. This total number reaches around 9 million. Currently, the largest number of Indians are in the United Arab Emirates, with approximately 3,554,274. This is followed by Saudi Arabia, with 2,460,603 Indians. There are 9,93,284 Indians settled in Kuwait, 8,35,175 in Qatar and 3,23,908 in Bahrain. 6,84,771 Indians live in Oman. There are about 20,000 Indians in Israel. 16,897 Indian citizens live in Jordan, 17,100 in Iraq and 10,320 in Iran. Around 3,000 Indian citizens are registered in Lebanon, 3,141 in Egypt, 700 in Yemen, 97 in Syria and 11 in Palestine.

Middle East Crisis: It's Judicious Time than to Respond in Haste

Post the killing of Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and his family in a US-Israeli led joint attack, the second phase of the US-led regime change effort in Iran has moved to the next stage. The first phase was to cause an internal protest against the Khamenei regime that had been gaining momentum in urban and rural Iran for months stirring Irani citizens in and outside Iran. Now, in the third phase, Iran's former dynasty, the Pahlavi dynasty, which still enjoys considerable support in Iran, will likely emerge in a leaderless Iran.

There is a claim that there is a three layered succession plan and Khamenei’s son me take over as final the Supreme Leader of Iran. However, this doesn’t sound fullproof. Ayatollah Khomeini was not father of Ali Khamenei as popularily believed. So even if there is a line of succession, there will be conflicts in absence of strong leadership. This will further worsen Iran's internal situation even, and the IRGC will be unable to control the situation even if it wishes to. It is quite possible that there will be internal conflict in the ranks and files of IRGC and it will possibly lead to collapse and split in the IRGC and a fanfiction being promoted by the US on the line of Taliban. It is quite possible post chaos, there will a factional which will try to capture Tehran the way Taliban did in Afghanistan.

Is This the Bottom or Crypto Winter 2.0

Bitcoin is trading around $63,000 for some time in February 2026. This is down more than 50% from its peak of $126,000 in October 2025. Many are asking whether this is a cycle bottom or the start of Crypto Winter 2.0. If one looks at the patterns will notice fundamental changes in the position of Bitcoin in the market. This calls for prudence.

The price of Bitcoin is currently around $63,218, and the total market cap of crypto has fallen below $2.3 trillion. The prices even touch $62,700. Platforms like CryptoQuant indicates that the crypto bearish, with BTC below its one-year moving average. It seems that the prices of Bitcoin may further fall.

Crypto Winter 2.0

The current situation in the crypto market looks like previous winters, which saw 70-85% corrections, low trading volume, and capitulation events, such as those in 2018 or 2022, which lasted for 12 months. Along with the selling pressure, macroeconomic headwinds are also causing problems for the cryptocurrencies. The Fed rate is expected to range 3.5% to 3.75%. It is enough to suppress risk appetite. Apart from this, Trump’s policies are also resulting in regulatory uncertainty despite Trump’s pro-crypto policies. If black swans such as rate hike or global economic crisis or even slowdown hit the economy, Bitcoin will become weaker leading to fall in volume which would freeze the market.

Trump's Tariff, the US Supreme Court and Its Impact on India

The US Supreme Court held that Trump could not impose general tariffs during peacetime under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). IEEPA was the legal basis for the 18% reciprocal tariff on India and tariffs on other countries. This ruling by the US Supreme Court has effectively struck down the legal basis for the higher rate. India was paying only the standard MFN-style tariffs of 3.5% before Trump’s tariffs. This was a setback for President Trump, but the Trump Administration acted quickly to invoke Section 122 of the US trade law. This little-used provision allows the president to impose tariffs of up to 15% for 150 days, after which Congress must authorise an extension. Under the new rules, a flat 15% tariff is now applied to imports from all countries, including India, from February 24, 2026.

What has Changed Post the Court’s Ruling

The recent announcement by Donald Trump of a 15% “global” tariff on all countries, which came immediately after the US Supreme Court invalidated his previous tariffs imposed on an emergency basis, has upset the trade math calculations for India. What this means for India is that the earlier agreed-upon 18% reciprocal tariff, which was part of the Trump-Modi trade agreement, is now legally dubious, and in its place, a temporary 15% tariff will be imposed on Indian exports to the United States. The impact of this new development is that India will now be faced with a tariff rate that is lower than the 18% rate that was originally agreed to, but higher than the pre-Trump MFN rate of 3.5%.

India Joins Pax Silica

Until recently, it seemed that India was a thorn in America's eyes! However, today, the same America has made India a part of the US-led "Pax Silica" alliance! It may seem surprising to the average person, but this is how the world of diplomacy works. Every transaction here has a single objective: protecting the country's interests, and there are no friends or enemies.

The Pax Silica Alliance, though still evolving' is a US-led coalition focused on securing the global supply chain for essential minerals, semiconductors, and AI. India's participation in this alliance is important for both India and the US. America possesses AI technology, while India has a huge market for AI. So mutually beneficial for both.

Essentially, Pax Silica aims to create a trusted ecosystem from mining to microchips and from microchips to AI, reducing excessive dependence on a single dominant supplier. It also aims to reshape 21st-century technology-based geopolitics. However, it is implicitly a US effort to counter China's growing dominance in microchips and AI.

Trump’s Tariffs, Global Chaos and Opportunities for India

The aggressive tariff policy followed by the US president is shaking up the world economy, old alliances and the old world order. President Trump has not only imposed tariffs on its trading partners but has also blocked the WTO's rules, shattering the institution. He is pushing for the purchase of Greenland while regularly striking India through policy initiatives or statements. ‘America First’ policy and Trump’s MAGA are cracking the global order and alliances. In the case of Europe, the issue of Greenland is becoming a bone of contention among the NATO partners (the US and the European countries). His policy choices are ransacking and negatively affecting the trade, alliances and trust everywhere. This move by Trump would have broader consequences for the world, the US and the US dollar in the coming days.

Tariffs Demolish WTO Rules

The US President Trump's 2025 tariffs are going completely against the WTO rules. The US is ignoring WTO limits as per WTO rules on non-discrimination and fair disputes. The WTO's Appellate Body, the dispute settlement body of the WTO, has been in crisis since 2019. The US has blocked the appointment of new judges, raising the issue of overreach and sovereignty. This has weakened the Appellate body, and as a result,t the unilateral tariffs imposed by the US remain unpunished. China has filed complaints against the US challenging the US tariffs, but nothing happened, and nothing is expected to be enforced because ofthe dominant position of the US in the WTO. It is pushing other countries to opt for solo protectionism and focusing bilateral and regional alliances. This has led to friendshoring. As per the UN forecast, post-Trump’s tariffs, the global growth has dipped to 2.7% in 2026.

Afghanistan Pakistan Conflict and the USA

The war between Afghanistan and Pakistan at the Durand Line has erupted is attracting the attention of the whole world. However, they have started, it seems that the US has begun implementing its grand plan to seize Bagram Airbase in Afghanistan, which the US vacated on 1 July 2021 after its occupation for 20 years.

The manner in which Pakistan has provoked Afghanistan and initiated unilateral aggression against Afghanistan clearly suggests that Pakistan received orders from US President Donald Trump to do so. Presently, President Trump has been showing his keen interest in Bagram Airbase. Pakistan is trying to please the American President by sacrificing its soldiers.

This conflict will likely drag on for longer than expected, and then, in the name of peace, the US will jump in and seize Bagram Airbase! If it happens in the future, Pakistan will not only fully cooperate with the US in this endeavour but will also put in all its efforts. Afghanistan has been cosying up to India, and it is upsetting for Pakistani establishments. They are not just uncomfortable but want to reverse it as soon as possible. However, at present, post Operation Sindoor, Pakistan is in no position to directly stop India in Afghanistan, so the best option left for it is intervention by the US which wants to get back to Afghanistan through Bagram Airbase.

Deloitte and Unethical Use of Artificial Intelligence

Suppose a company like Deloitte becomes dependent on AI for preparing reports that will ultimately influence government policies, which in turn affect the common person on the street. In that case, AI is not a helpful tool but a malaise. The situation at Deloitte had been so bad in the referred case that the company had to refund the Australian government! It must be noted that Deloitte is one of the Big Four!

Most companies are indeed providing numerous artificial intelligence tools to improve the productivity of the workers, and it is a good and wise decision. The use of AI is good towards this end. However, if, unfortunately, AI makes workers complacent, lazy and sometimes over-dependent on AI, then it is a very risky proposition. The problem is that AI uses the data that is available on the web, and consultancy is not about some kind of generalisation of task, but customised solutions. So what was done at Deloitte was not only completely unprofessional and unacceptable but also unethical.

Are Fees on H-1B Visas a Boon for India?

Sometimes, your biggest adversary (bane), who resorts to bullying, turns into your biggest friend (boon). The adversary in disguise who is out to help you achieve your goals.

The US has imposed a $100,000 annual fee for H-1B visas for foreign workers and a 3.5% tax on foreign remittances. This is a targeted decision. 71% of H-1B visas are held by Indian citizens, and a major portion of these visa holders send money back to India.

This decision by the US government will directly and adversely affect Indians aspiring to go to the US for a career. The brightest talents (students and professionals) have been migrating to the dreamland of the America to pursue their dreams which couldn’t find an ecosystem and environment in India. Not only this, but also the Indian government has been investing billions of dollars every year in these talents to educate and train them. This has resulted in increased costs for India. Apart from this, millions of dollars are flowing to the US for education in US universities and higher education opportunities.

Trump Unnecessarily Playing Victim Card

The US President Donald Trump is projecting the US as the greatest victim of India in trade in his social media post after the SCO summit 2025, which went well attended! He is trying to write a good script for a drama about his reckless foreign and trade policies gimmicks. However, the following are facts about the US trade with India and the rest of the world:

As far as the US trade deficits with its trading partners are concerned, there are some interesting and unusual facts.

US-India trade (exports and imports) was $212 billion in 2024, and a trade deficit of $41.5 billion. The US deficit with China is $270 billion, which is 128% of the total trade between the US and India. The US trade deficit with India is nearly one-fifth of the US trade deficit with China.

With the EU, this deficit is $161 billion, about four times that of the deficit with India. With other countries like Mexico, Vietnam, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Canada and Thailand, the US trade deficit is respectively $157 billion, $113.1 billion, $67.4 billion, $62.6 billion, $60.2 billion, 54.8 billion and $41.5 billion.

Trade Tensions, Tariffs, and the Future of Global Trade

“While world trade hit new peaks in 2024, uncertainty has increased as geo-economic tensions increase, supply chains are disrupted, and tariffs surge.” 

 

- UNCTAD, 2024

In 2025, the global trade environment is being defined by rising trade tensions and the return of tariffs as a leading economic policy weapon. As the world recovers from pandemic-related disruptions, nations are increasingly resorting to protectionism deploying national security, industrial sovereignty, and geo-economic strategy.

The New Wave of Tariffs

The governments have historically been using tariffs and non-tariff barriers as economic tools to protect their domestic industries from foreign competition or punish foreign countries. However, post-pandemic, there has been an increase in the tendency of some big economies to resort to tariffs. Global trade has been flourishing for a long time. More than sixty per cent of the global trade doesn’t attract any tariff, but the remaining trade is often subjected to very high trade tariffs and other non-tariff barriers. Agriculture, textile and dairy sectors are such areas where there are high trade barriers in the form of tariffs and non-tariff restrictions.

Impact of the US Tariff on India

India has become an important player in international trade since its integration with the global economy following liberalisation in the 1990s. According to World Bank data, India's trade-to-GDP ratio was 45% and its exports-to-GDP ratio was 21.2% in 2024. India mainly exports textiles, medicines and IT services while importing petroleum products and high-tech machinery. The USA has announced to impose 50% tariffs on Indian exports to the USA, which is a setback for the Indian economy.

Tariffs are in the alignment with mercantilist principles and aimed at protecting the domestic markets by matching the foreign trade barriers. However, according to the classical theory of trade (Ricardo), tariffs distort comparative advantage and increase consumers' costs, lowering welfare. So tariffs imposed by any country can, however, protect infant industries and balance out trade deficits. For India, an emerging economy with both mature and infant industries, the effectiveness of tariffs depends upon the extent, targeting, and tenure.

India's Protectionist Economy: A Shield in Need

Indian economy has traditionally been regarded as protectionist, with policies intended to shield local industry while exposing to healthy global competition. While some critics have argued that the approach suppresses growth and creativity, others argue that it is warranted because of the economic and social conditions in the country. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects India to grow at 6.4% in 2025, which clearly demonstrates the power and potential of India.

The protectionist policies have imposed a few non-tariff as well as tariff trade barriers, but not harmed the economy. Instead, India's growth story is one of incremental liberalization, with the government balancing to let in foreign investment while protecting national interest. The dairy sector is one such example, where India has not let itself be opened to foreign competition, lest it face the consequences on country-specific farmers and the rural economy.

The recent trade tensions with the United States have solidified India's protectionist stance. In the negotiations of the interim trade agreement, India did not acquiesce, rejecting proposals that accommodated American interests at the expense of Indian farmers and dairy farmers. The US had proposed allowing the entry of American dairy products, including non-vegetarian milk, which was seen as a threat to India's dairy industry. However, in the case of non-vegetarian milk, ethical considerations relating to religious sentiments is another important reason.

India Needs to be Tough with MNCs

When you are negotiating with a bully who is a narcissist, you need to confront wisely and skillfully; otherwise, the bully will keep creating ruckus for you. However, India has to tread very carefully as it has an opposition which is hell bent to down Narendra Modi at any cost. The Opposition wouldn't hesitate even if their actions would be damaging national interests because the same opposition has cheerleaders in the form of millions of supporters. However, India needs to be diplomatically strategic with multinational companies (MNCs) even if the opposition doesn't support this.

Microsoft has restricted Nayara. It cannot access its data. Whatever has happened in this case needs urgent attention from the government. India needs to take a tough stand against such MNCs which go against the interests of the Indian economy. The Nayara case is enough to show a tough face to Microsoft India. It must be made very clear to Microsoft India that it is registered in India and that it has to protect Indian interests first than to serve the American interests. The same message must be conveyed to other companies also.

Will India Use these Tariffs as an Opportunity?

Donald Trump has unilaterally imposed a tariff of 25% plus a penalty on Indian exports, citing its trade with Russia. While giving concessions to China, even though Chinese trade with Russia is far higher than that of India. Not only this, but the USA is also buying many critical items from Russia. In 2024, the US had a trade of $3.5 billion with Russia, and China's trade with Russia was about $240 billion in the same year. However, in the meantime, India and the USA are negotiating an interim trade deal, and this announcement has come amidst a series of negotiations!

The recent tariff imposition by Donald Trump on Indian exports seems like a strategic move rather than an abrupt decision. There are a few reasons which are forcing the USA to take such steps.:

Trump's Annoucements May be a Boon for India

Donald Trump has unilaterally imposed a tariff of 25% plus a penalty on India for trading with Russia and China despite the fact that the USA is also buying from Russia as well as China. However, India and the USA are negotiating an interim trade deal and this announcement has come amidst the series negotiations!

One may wonder what could be the possible reasons? Is it an abrupt announcement by Trump? Or a well thought strategy of the Trump Administration?

There are a few reasons which are forcing the USA to take such steps. First, India has taken a very tough stand on the issue of agriculture, dairy and some metals and is not ready to give any space to any country in these categories and the USA is desperately looking for new markets for its agriculture and dairy products. Second, the US realizes very well that the innings of the US as the most powerful economy in the world is going to be over soon in a decade and the export business of dollars wouldn’t continue unchallenged for long. Not only BRICS but many other countries are also looking for alternatives to the US dollar.

The Rise and Fall of the Bretton Woods System

Both the World Wars proved to be very beneficial for the United States and particularly, the Second World War. In the First World War, the US made huge fortunes through loans and arms sales to Allied Nations. It amassed huge reserve of gold and resulting in the USA becoming a creditor nation. The Second World War transformed the USA into a superpower of the world, which was later challenged by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or today's Russia). The WWII boosted the US industries at a time when the whole Europe and Japan was devastated. By 1945, the US held 70% of world gold reserve. The Bretton Woods System put the foundation of an economic and financial architecture in the world, which transformed the USA into a formidable economic force which none could ignore and the US currency, US dollar (USD) global reserve currency.

Why None Supported India during Operation Sindoor?

For those questioning India's foreign policy, they need to read the following piece of information (news clipping).

'India aims to sell defence equipment worth Rs 50,000 crore to the world by 2029.'

The size of the world defence market is more than $600 billion, and by 2029, the market is expected to grow to the size of around $900 billion. Rs 50,000 crore is less than $4 billion, which is about just 2% of the total global market! So this piece of information may look very ordinary. But the fact is that it is not. It is a matter of concern for every country; those which export defence equipment to other countries of the world and those which import defence equipment from other countries.

India has traditionally been an importer and a net buyer of defence equipment. But India aspires to become an exporter of defence equipment, and that too in some key areas, which are dominated by developed countries and China only. Not only this, but India seems to be very aggressive about it. That means there is another serious player on the block, which is expected to become the third-largest economy in the world in just a few years and has a very young population that wouldn’t only drive demand and growth in the economy but would also engage in research and development!